I. Isendlalelo
Ngokuvamile, amadivaysi ezokwelapha acwebezele i-oxide ye-ethylene kufanele ahlaziywe futhi ahlolwe ngezinsalela ze-post-sterilization, njengoba inani lezinsalela lihlobene kakhulu nempilo yalabo abavulelwe idivaysi yezokwelapha. I-Ethylene oxide uhlelo lwezinzwa olusemqoka. Uma sithintwa ngesikhumba, ubomvu nokuvuvukala kwenzeka ngokushesha, ukufiphala kwenzeka ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, futhi oxhumana naye ophindaphindwayo kungadala ukuzwela. Ukugenca uketshezi emehlweni kungadala ukushiswa kwe-carneal. Uma kwenzeka ukuvezwa isikhathi eside kumanani amancane, i-Neurasthenia Syndrome kanye nezinkinga zezinzwa zemifino ziyabonakala. Kubikwe ukuthi i-ACCEAL LD50 ye-LD50 ngamagundane angama-330 mg / kg, nokuthi i-ethylene oxide ingakhuphula izinga lokuhlaselwa kwama-chromosomes amathambo [1]. Amanani aphezulu e-carcinogenicity kanye nokufa kwabikwa kwabasebenzi avezwa ku-ethylene oxide. [2] 2-chloroethanol angadala ukubala isikhumba i-erythema uma ukuxhumana nesikhumba; Kungadonswa ngenhlawulo ukuze kudale ubuthi. Ukufakwa ngomlomo kungabulala. Ukuvezwa kwesikhathi eside kungadala ukulimala kohlelo lwezinzwa oluphakathi, uhlelo lwenhliziyo namaphaphu. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe akwa-Ethylene Glycol iyavuma ukuthi ubuthi bayo buphansi. Inqubo yayo ye-metabolism emzimbeni iyafana naleyo ye-ethanol, ngokusebenzisa imetabolism ye-ethanol dehydrogenase kanye ne-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, imikhiqizo eyinhloko yi-Gyoxalic acid, oxalic acid kanye ne-lactic acid, enobuthi obuphakeme. Ngakho-ke, amazinga amaningi anezidingo ezithile zezinsalela ngemuva kokubulawa inzalo yi-Ethylene oxide. Isibonelo, i-GB / T 16886.7-2015 "Ukuhlolwa kwemvelo kwamadivayisi wezokwelapha Ingxenye 7: I-YY0290.8-2-2008" Izidingo Eziyisisekelo ", kanye namanye amazinga anezidingo ezinemininingwane emikhawulweni zezinsalela ze-ethylene oxide kanye no-2-chloroethanol.gb/8 16886.7-2015 zisho ngokucacile ukuthi lapho usebenzisa i-GB / T 16886.7-2015, kushiwo ngokusobala ukuthi lapho amadivaysi ezokwelapha acwebezelwe yi-ethylene oxide, izinsalela zayo ezivumelekile nayo inomkhawulo. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukukuhlaziya ngokugcwele ukukhiqizwa kwezinsalela ezijwayelekile (i-ethylene oxide, 2-chloroethanol, ethylene glycol) kusuka ekukhiqizweni, ezokuhamba kanye nokugcinwa kwe-ethylene oxide, ukukhiqizwa kwamadivaysi ezokwelapha, kanye nenqubo yokunyusa.
II. Ukuhlaziywa kwezinsalela zokunyusa
Inqubo yokukhiqiza ye-Ethylene Oxide ihlukaniswe nge-chlorohydrin indlela kanye nendlela ye-oxidation. Phakathi kwazo, indlela ye-chlorohydrin yindlela yokuqala yokukhiqiza i-oxide ye-ethylene oxide. IT ikakhulukazi iqukethe izinqubo ezimbili zokuphendula: Isinyathelo sokuqala: C2H4 + Hclo - Ch2Cl - Ch2OH; Isinyathelo sesibili: CH2CL - Ch2Oh + CAOH2 - C2H4O + CACL2 + H2O. Inqubo yayo yokusabela Umkhiqizo ophakathi nendawo ephakathi yi-2-chloroethanol (CH2CL-CH2OH). Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obusemuva bendlela ye-chlorohydrin, ukungcoliswa okungathi sína kwemvelo, okuhambisana nomkhiqizo wokugqwala okukhulu kwemishini, iningi labakhiqizi selisusiwe [4]. Indlela ye-oxidation [3] ihlukaniswe ngezindlela zomoya ne-oxygen. Ngokusho kobumsulwa obuhlukile be-oxygen, ukukhiqizwa kokuphambili kuqukethe izinqubo ezimbili zokuphendula: isinyathelo sokuqala: 2c2h4 + O2 - 2c2h4o; Isinyathelo sesibili: C2H4 + 3o2 - 2CO2 H2O. Njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kwe-ethylene oxide njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kwe-oxide ye-ethylene ikakhulukazi kufinyelela inqubo ye-oxidation eqondile ye-ethylene eqondile ngesiliva njenge-catalyst. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokukhiqiza ye-Ethylene Oxide iyinto enquma ukuhlolwa kwe-2-chloroethanol ngemuva kokubulawa inzalo.
Kubhekiswa ekuhlinzekweni okufanele ku-GB / T 16886.7-2015 Standard ukwenza ukuqinisekiswa kanye nentuthuko yenqubo ye-ethylene oxide inzalo, ngokuya ngempahla ye-ethylene oxide, iningi lezinsalela likhona ngendlela yasekuqaleni ngemuva kokubulawa komhlaba ngemuva kokubulawa kwabantu ngemuva kokubulala inzalo. Izici ezithinta inani lezinsalela ikakhulukazi zifaka i-adsorption ye-ethylene oxide ngamadivaysi ezokwelapha, izinto zokupakisha nobukhulu, isikhathi sesitoreji, nezinto ezingenhla, izici ezingenhla, njll., Futhi lezi zinto ezingenhla zinquma ukuphunyuka ikhono le-ethylene oxide. Kubikwe ezincwadini [5] ukuthi ukugcwala kwe-ethylene oxide inzalo kuvame ukukhethwa njenge-300-1000mg.l-1. Izici zokulahleka ze-oxide ye-ethylene ngesikhathi sokubulala inzalo ikakhulukazi zifaka: ama-adsorption wamadivayisi wezokwelapha, i-hydrolysis ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zomswakama, njalonjalo. Ukuhlushwa kwe-500-600mg.l-1 kungokomnotho futhi kuyasebenza, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-ethylene oxide kanye nezinsalela ezintweni ezingcolile, ukonga izindleko zokubulala inzalo.
I-Chlorine inezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo embonini yamakhemikhali, imikhiqizo eminingi ihlobene kakhulu nathi. Ingasetshenziswa njengomphakathi, njenge-vinyl chloride, noma njengomkhiqizo wokugcina, njenge-bleach. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-chlorine nayo ikhona emoyeni, emanzini nakwezinye izindawo, ukulimala komzimba womuntu nakho kusobala. Ngakho-ke, lapho amadivaysi afanele ezokwelapha acwebezelwa yi-Ethylene Oxide, ukuhlaziya okuphelele kokukhiqizwa, inzalo, ukugcinwa nezinye izici zomkhiqizo kufanele kubhekwe, futhi izinyathelo ezihlosiwe kufanele zithathwe ukulawula inani elisele le-2-chlorothanol.
Kubikwe ezincwadini [ezi-6] ukuthi okuqukethwe okungu-2-chloroyanol kufinyelelwe cishe ngo-150 μg / ucezu ngemuva kokulungiswa kwamahora angama-72 sokuxazululwa kwesilinganiso se-band-aid patch efakwe i-ethylene oxide, kanye nokubhekisisa amadivaysi okuxhumana nawo esifushane acacisiwe Kusezingeni le-GB / T16886.7-2015, umthamo ojwayelekile wansuku zonke we-2-chloroethanol esigulini akufanele ube ngaphezu kwe-9 mg, futhi inani lawo lensalela liphansi kakhulu kunenani lomkhawulo kunani.
Ucwaningo [7] lulinganise izinsalela ze-ethylene oxide kanye no-2-chloroethanol ngezinhlobo ezintathu zemicu, kanti imiphumela ye-oxide ye-ethyleetable yayingabonakali futhi i-2-chlorothanol yayingama-53.7 μg.g-1 ukuthola intambo ye-nylon . I-YY 0167-2005 ibeka umkhawulo wokutholwa kwe-oxide ye-ethylene Ama-Stutere anamandla amanani amakhulu wamanzi wezimboni enqubweni yokukhiqiza. Imikhakha emine yekhwalithi yamanzi yamanzi ethu aphansi iyasebenza endaweni ejwayelekile yokuvikelwa kwezimboni kanye nomzimba womuntu ongeke axhumane ne-bleach, isetshenziswa ama-algae kanye nama-microorganisms emanzini, asetshenziselwa ukubulawa kwabantu . Isithako saso esiyinhloko esisebenzayo yi-calcium hypochlorite, ekhiqizwa ngokudlula i-chlorine gesi nge-limestone. I-calcium hypochlorite iyonakaliswa kalula emoyeni, ifomula eyinhloko yokuphendula yile: CA (Clo) 2 + CO2 + H2O-Caco3 + 2hclo. I-hypochlorite ibonwe kalula ibe yi-hydrochloric acid namanzi ngaphansi kokukhanya, ifomula yokuphendula eyinhloko: 2hclo + ukukhanya-2hcl + o2. I-2hcl + O2.CHlorine i-ion ama-ions ama-ions adslorbed ku-sutures, futhi ngaphansi kwezindawo ezithile ezibuthaka acidic noma ze-alkali, i-oxide evulwa yindandatho nayo ukuze ikhiqize indandatho ye-2-chloroethanol.
Kubikwe ezincwadini [8] ukuthi okusalayo okungu-2-chloroyanol kumasampula e-IOL kukhishwe ngokukhishwa kwe-ultrasonic nge-acetone futhi kunqunywe yigesi i-chromatography, kepha akutholakalanga.8290.8 OpTICS I-Lens Ingxenye 8: Izidingo eziyisisekelo "zithi inani elisele le-2-chloroethanol kwi-IOL akufanele libe ngaphezulu kwe-2.0μg ngosuku ngelensi ngayinye, nokuthi inani eliphelele lens ngayinye akufanele libe ngaphezulu kwe-5.0 i-GB / T16886. 7-2015 Ukhuluma Ojwayelekile Ukuthi ubuthi be-ocular obubangelwa yizinsalela ezi-2-Chlorothanol eziphakeme izikhathi ezi-4 eziphakeme kunalezo ezibangelwa yizinga elifanayo le-ethylene oxide.
Ngamafuphi, lapho kuhlolisiswa izinsalela zamadivaysi ezokwelapha ngemuva kokubulawa inzalo yi-ethylene oxide, i-oxide ye-ethylene no-2-chlorothanol kufanele futhi ihlaziywe, kepha izinsalela zazo kufanele zihlazizwe ngokunjalo ngokwesimo sangempela.
Ngesikhathi sokunyusa kwamadivaysi ezokwelapha, ezinye izinto eziluhlaza ezisetshenziswayo zamadivayisi wezokwelapha noma izinto zokupakisha zifaka i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nenani elincane kakhulu le-vinyl chloride momer (VCM) lizophinde likhiqizwe ngokuwohloka kwe-PVC resin Ngesikhathi sokucubungula.GB10010-2009 Amapayipi e-PVC ethambile e-PVC asho ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-VCM akunakudlula i--1μ-1. I-VCM ifakwe kalula i-polymerined ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalysts (i-peroxides, njll) noma ukukhanya nokushisa ukukhiqiza i-polyvinyl chloride resin, eboshelwe njengeVinyl Chloride Resin. I-Vinyl Chloride inama-polymeride kalula ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalyst (i-peroxide, njll.) Noma ukukhanya nokushisa ukuze kukhiqize i-polyvinyl chloride, okwaziwayo njengoVinyl Chloride Resin. Lapho i-polyvinyl chloride ifudunyezwa ngenhla kwe-100 ° C noma ivezwe ngemisebe ye-ultraviolet, kungenzeka ukuthi i-hydrogen chloride igesi ingaphunyuka. Ngemuva kwalokho inhlanganisela yegesi ye-hydrogen chloride ne-ethylene oxide ngaphakathi kwephakeji izokhiqiza inani elithile le-2-chloroethanol.
I-Ethylene Glycol, ezinzile ngokwemvelo, akuyona i-puretile. I-athomu ye-oksijini e-oxide ye-ethylene ithwala ama-elektroni amabili ama-elektroni futhi ine-hydrophility eqinile, eyenza kube lula ukukhiqiza i-ethylene glycol lapho ihlangana nama-ion amabi we-chloride. Isibonelo: C2h4o + Nacl + H2O - Ch2Cl - Ch2Oh + Naoh. Le nqubo iyisisekelo esiyisisekelo ekupheleni okusebenzayo futhi okuyisisekelo ngokuqinile ekugcineni okudala, futhi izehlakalo zalokhu kusabela ziphansi. Isigameko esiphakeme ukwakheka kwe-ethylene glycol kusuka ku-ethylene oxide ukuxhumana namanzi: c2h4o + h2o - ch2oh - i-hh2oh, kanye ne-hydration of ethylene oxide ivimbela ukubopha i-chlorine engemihle.
Uma i-chlorine i-ions engemihle yethulwa ekukhiqizweni, inzalo, ukugcinwa, izinto zokuhamba kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamadivaysi ezokwelapha, kungenzeka ukuthi i-oxide ye-ethylene oxide izosabela nabo ukuze bakhanyele i-2-chlorothanol. Njengoba indlela ye-chlorohydrin iqedwe kwinqubo yokukhiqiza, umkhiqizo wayo ophakathi nendawo, 2-chloroethanol, ngeke kwenzeke ngendlela eqondile ye-oxidation. Ekukhiqizeni amadivaysi ezokwelapha, izinto ezithile ezingavuthiwe zinezakhiwo eziqinile ze-adsorption ze-ethylene oxide kanye no-2-chlorothanol, ngakho-ke ukuphathwa kwamanani awo asele kumele kubhekwe lapho kubhekwa ngemuva kokubulawa inzalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwamadivayisi wezokwelapha, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, izithasiselo, ukusabela kwe-inhibitors, njll. Kuqukethe usawoti we-innorganic ngesimo se-chlorides, futhi uma inzalo, kungenzeka ukuthi i-ethylene oxide ivula indandatho ngaphansi kwe-acidic noma alkali ukusabela, futhi kuhlanganiswe ngama-chlorine ama-chlorine amabi akhiqize ama-2-chloroethanol kumele acatshangwe.
Njengamanje, indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokuthola i-ethylene oxide, 2-chlorothanol ne-ethylene glycol indlela yesigaba segesi. I-Ethylene oxide nayo ingatholwa yindlela ye-colortimetric esebenzisa isixazululo esibomvu esibomvu se-sulfite test, kepha ubuqiniso bawo ukuthi ubuqiniso balo buthinteke ngezimo ezengeziwe ezimweni zokuhlola, njengokuqinisekisa okushisa njalo kwama-37 ° C ku Imvelo yokuhlola ukuze ilawula ukusabela kwe-ethylene glycol, nesikhathi sokubeka ikhambi elizohlolwa ngemuva kwenqubo yokuthuthukisa imibala. Ngakho-ke, ukuqinisekiswa okuqinisekisiwe kwendlela (kufaka phakathi ukunemba, ukunemba, ukuqondisisa, ukuzwela, ukuzwela, njll.) Esikhathini selebhu enobuhlakani kungokuthola okutholakalayo kokutholwa kwezinsalela.
III. Ukucabangisisa inqubo yokubuyekezwa
I-Ethyle Oxide, 2-Chloroethanol kanye ne-Ethylene Glycol izinsalela ezivamile ngemuva kokubulawa inzalo kwe-ethylene oxide kwamadivayisi wezokwelapha. Ukufeza ukuhlolwa okusalayo, ukwethulwa kwezinto ezithintekayo ekukhiqizweni nasekugcinweni kwe-Ethylene Oxide, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokunyuswa kwamadivaysi ezokwelapha kufanele kubhekwe.
Kunezinye izingqinamba ezimbili okufanele zigxile emsebenzini wangempela wokubuyekezwa kwensiza yezokwelapha: 1. Noma ngabe kuyadingeka ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwezinsalela ze-2-Chlorothanol. Ekukhiqizweni kwe-ethylene oxide, uma kusetshenziswa indlela ye-chlorohydrin, yize yokuhlanza, i-filltration nezinye izindlela izokwamukelwa kwinqubo ekhiqizwayo, i-ethylene oxide gesi izoba nomkhiqizo ophakathi nendawo, nenani layo elisele kufanele ihlolwe. Uma indlela ye-oxidation isetshenziswa, akukho ukwethulwa kwe-2-chloroethanol, kepha inani eliyinsalela lama-inhibitors afanelekile, ama-catalysts, njll. Kunqubo ye-Ethylene Action Reaction inqubo kufanele icatshangwe. Amadivaysi ezokwelapha asebenzisa inani elikhulu lamanzi ezimboni enqubweni yokukhiqiza, futhi inani elithile le-hypochlorite kanye ne-chlorine ama-ions ama-ion ahlanganiswe kumkhiqizo ophelile, yizizathu zokuba khona kwe-2-chloroethanol kusasele. Kukhona futhi amacala ukuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokupakishwa kwamadivayisi wezokwelapha kukhona usawoti we-inorganic aqukethe izinto ezikhethekile ze-chlorine noma ama-polymer anezinhlaka ezizinzile futhi azidingeki ukuthi zihlaziye ngengozi ye-2-chlorothanol Izinsalela kumele zihlolwe ukuze zihlolwe, futhi uma kunobufakazi obanele bokukhombisa ukuthi ngeke bangeniswe ku-2-chlorothanol noma ngaphansi komkhawulo wokutholwa kwendlela yokutholwa, ukuhlolwa kungakulakwa ukulawula ubungozi bayo. 2. Ngokuhlolwa kwe-ethylene glycol ukuhlaziya kwezinsalela. Qhathanisa ne-oxide ye-ethylene Okuqukethwe kwe-ethylene glycol ngemuva kokuhlanzeka kuhlobene nokuhlanzeka kwe-ethylene oxide, futhi kuhlobene nokupakishwa, umswakama ama-microorganisms, ngakho-ke, umswakama we-microorganisms, ngakho-ke, umswakama we-glycol, ngakho-ke, i-ethylene glycol kufanele ibhekwe ngokuhambisana nezimo zangempela . Ukuhlola.
Amazinga angomunye wamathuluzi wokubuyekezwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwamadivayisi wezokwelapha, Ukubuyekezwa kobuchwepheshe kwamadivayisi wezokwelapha kufanele kugxile kwizidingo eziyisisekelo zokuphepha kanye nentuthuko yomkhiqizo kanye nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wokuhlaziywa okugcwele kwezinto ezithinta Ukuphepha kanye nokusebenza kahle kwemibono nokwenza, ngokusekelwe kwisayensi, ngokususelwa kumaqiniso, kunokuba kubhekiswe ngqo kwiZinga, kuvinjelwe esimweni sangempela somklamo womkhiqizo, ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa, ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa. Umsebenzi wokubuyekezwa kufanele unake kakhulu uhlelo lokukhiqiza lwekhwalithi yezokwelapha lokulawulwa kwezixhumanisi ezifanele, ngasikhathi sinye isibuyekezo esikuso sendawo kufanele futhi sibe "yinkinga" ethambekele endimeni " Thuthukisa ikhwalithi yokubuyekezwa, inhloso yokubukeza kwesayensi.
Umthombo: Isikhungo sokubuyekezwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwamadivayisi wezokwelapha, I-State Drug Administration (SDA)
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Isikhathi Sokuposa: Sep-21-2023